中学英语常见构词法派生法：由词根(stems)加前缀(prefixes)和后缀(suffixes)构成新词。一.前缀a-(形容词;副词)：almost,awake,aloud,alone,asleep,abroad,alive,arise,co-(共同)：co-exist,co-operate,co-operationover-(过于)：overcome,oversleep,overnightanti-(反,防)：anti-tank,anti-warre-(重复;再)：reusable,recycle,recall,rebuild,return,redesign,remarry,rewrite,retell,reopensuper-(超级,上层)：superstar,superman,supermarket,superherotele-(远程)：telephone,telegraph,telescope(望远镜)mis-(误)：mistake,misunderstand(误会)en-(使可能)：encourage,enable(使成为可能)dis-(否定)：disappear,disagree,disappoint,dishonest,dislike,discover,discouragein-/il-/im-/ir-(不;非)：inside,impolite,impolitely,impossible,imoveable,independent,independence,irregular,irresponsible,indirect,incomplete,invisible(看不见的),illogical(不合逻辑的),illegal(非法的),un-/non-(不;非)：uncomfortable,uncrowed,uneasy,unexpected,unbelievable,unknown,unusual,unusually,unuse,unuseful,unusefully,unfair,unfairness,unluck,unlucky,unluckily,unable,unhappy,unfit,non-conductor(非导体),non-sense,二.名词后缀-er(…者)：customer,leader,manager,officer,partner,ruler,stranger,climber,keeper,maker,owner,banker,reporter,teenager,winner,foreigner,thinker,swimmer,traveller,worker,teacher,reader,listener,speaker,cleaner,helper,waiter,player,singer,dancer,driver,writer,runner,beginner,passenger,lover,skier,murderer,learner,printer,researcher,Londoner,NewYorker-or(器具;…者)：actor,competitor,visitor,professor,doctor,director,collector,instructor(教员)备注一：通常加“-er/-or”多为“男性”,加“-ess”多为“女性”waiter男招待,waitress女服务员,actor男演员,actress女演员,lawyer律师,lawyeress女律师,prince王子,princess公主备注二：从主动,被动上来看,加“-er\\-or”为主动,加“-ee”为被动examiner主考人,监考员examinee参加考试者,受试人(被监考者)employer雇主(雇佣别人)employee雇员(被雇佣)interviewer会见者interviewee被接见者,被访问者-ese(…地方的人)：Chinese,Japanese-ian(精通…的人;…地方的人)：musician,magician,historian,physician,technician-ist(专业人员)：artist,pianist,tourist,terrorist,physicist,scientist,socialist,journalist(新闻记者),dentist,instrumentalist-ment(性质;状态)：government,instrument,achievement,amusement,excitement,improvement,movement,argument,development,agreement-ion：discussion,expression,decision-dom(…范围)：freedom,kingdom-ness(性质;状态)：business,happiness,shyness,illness,kindness,carelessness,sickness,fairness,unfairness,godness,hardness,forgetfulness,darkness-ship：friendship,relationship,leadership,hardship(困苦)-tion(动作;过程;结果)：pollution,suggestion,invention,action,examination,graduation,pronunciation,communication,competition,conversation,satisfaction,education,organization,location,protection,relation,preparation,resolution,collection,operation,impression-hood(…关系,…状况)：childhood,neighborhood,brotherhood,sisterhood-th(某种状况或性质)：growth,warmth,truth,death,health,length,strength-ty(…性)：safety,activity-ce(…性)：importance,difference,confidence,dependence,independence,silence,performance-boy,-girl,-man,-woman(表示人的词来构词)：cowboy牛仔,playboy花花公子,salesgirl女店员,salesperson推销员,workman产业工人,postman邮递员,workwomen劳动妇女三.形容词后缀-t：important,different,confident,dependent,independent,silent-al：international,educational,national,historical,medical,musical,professional,social,typical,normal,personal,physical,traditional,accidental,central,environmental,general-an：American,European,Canadian,Italian,Australian,Indian-ern：southern,northern,eastern,western,modern-ful：helpful,harmful,painful,thankful,peaceful,successful,truthful,awful,cheerful,grateful,useful,careful,wonderful,forgetful,hopeful,colorful,beautiful-ary：secondary,imaginary-able/ible：reasonable,horrible,believable,unbelievable,mobile,valuable,disable,available,comfortable,terrible,possible,impossible,enjoyable,moveable,imoveable,workable,countable,uncountable,eatable-ish：foolish,childish,swedish(瑞典的),British,English-ive：active,creative,native,expensive-y：windy,sunny,cloudy,rainy,wealthy,dirty,sleepy,healthy,hairy,icy,noisy,foggy-less：careless,homeless,meaningless,useless,colorless,helpless,hopeless,motherless-ous：serious,humorous,famous,dangerous,courageous,continuous-tic：scientific,fantastic-en：wooden,fallen,golden-ing(修饰物)：interesting,exciting,boring,tiring,surprising-ed(修饰人)：interested,excited,bored,tired,surprised四.动词、副词和数词后缀-fy(使…化)：simplify,beautify,satisfy,electrify-en(使…变得)：strengthen,lengthen,widen,fatten,blacken,thicken,quicken,harden,soften,weaken-ize(使…成为)：realize(实现),modernize,organize-ly(方式;程度)：freely,exactly,lastly,normally,politely,impolitely,wisely,actually,specially,especially,heavily,mostly,recently,simply,suddenly,beautifully,cheaply,clearly,comfortably,finally,loudly,probably,quietly,quickly,seriously,weekly,badly,terribly,perfectly,truly,angrily,carefully,hardly,completely,slowly,kindly,nearly,really,usually,happily,easily-ward(s)(方向)：towards,backward,eastward,forward-teen(十)：fourteen,fifteen,eighteen-ty(整十位数)：twenty,forty,thirty-th(序数词)：twelfth,fifth,eighth,ninth,twentieth五.截短法:单词缩写,词义和词性保持不变的英语构词法称为截短法,主要有截头,去尾,截头去尾等形式。①截头telephone→phoneairplane→plane②去尾mathematics→mathsexamination→examkilogram→kilolaboratory→labtaxicab→taxi③截头去尾influenza→flurefrigerator→fridgeprescription→script六.混合法:英语构词还可以将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词,前半部分表属性,后半部分表主体。这样的英语构词法就是混合法。newsbroadcast→newscast新闻广播televisionbroadcast→telecast电视播送smokeandfog→smog烟雾photoandgraphy→photography摄影,摄影术helicopterairport→heliport直升飞机场class(班级)+room(房间)→classroom(教室）black(黑色的）+board(木板)→blackboard(黑板）note(记录)+book(簿本)→notebook(笔记簿)hide(躲藏)+and(和)+seek(寻找)→hide-and-seek(捉迷藏)forget(忘记)+me(我)+not(不)→forget-me-not勿忘(我)草Jack(男孩名)+in(在…里面)+the+box(盒子)→jack-in-the-box(玩偶箱)七.转化法1.名词→动词rainn.雨→rainv.下雨watern.水→waterv.浇水landn.陆地→landv.着陆namen.名字→namev.命名milkn.牛奶→milkv.挤奶[注意]不少动词转化为名词或名词转化为动词,词义没有什么大变化。如:answer(回答),change(变化),fight(打架),love(爱),rest(休息),smile(微笑),shout(喊),study(学习),visit(访问),wish(希望),work(工作)等。2.形容词→动词lastadj.最后的lastv.持续tidyadj.整洁的tidyv.使整洁ownadj.自己的ownv.拥有3.形容词→名词backadj.后面的backn.背部,后面lightadj.明亮的lightn.灯4.动词→名词stopv.停止stopn.车站liftv.举起liftn.电梯5.现在分词→名词boat—boatingbuild—buildingbegin—beginningcross—crossingmeet—meetingturn—turningsay—sayingtrain—trainingmean—meaningopen—opening